Saturday, May 21, 2011

medication..

Salam semua..

Dah lama ibu nak tulis pasal medication becos of the so many ubat yang ada kat almaritu..n of course becos adik n abang is always sick too...n from my observation ..penyakitnya lebih kurang sama i.e cold n flu n cough..but ubat yg di prescribe mmm..boleh bukak pharmacy...so now i will try to list down jenama ubat n also its foundation usage i.e symptom2 sakit tu..

on antihistamine...ada active ingredients cetrizine, chlorophenaramine, loratadine....so

from wiki : Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine drug used to treat allergiesIn a version named Claritin-D, the substance is combined with pseudoephedrine, a decongestant; this makes it useful for colds as well as allergies, but adds potential side-effects of insomnia, nervousness, and anxiety.Loratadine is indicated for the symptomatic relief of allergy such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis), urticaria (hives), and other skin allergies.[4] For allergic rhinitis (hay fever), loratadine is effective for both nasal and eye symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, itchy or burning eyes.


Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonistused for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Salbutamol sulfate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a metered dose inhaler (MDI), nebulizer or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. Rotahaler or Autohaler). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of salbutamol can take place within five to twenty minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. It can also be given orally as an inhalant orintravenously.(batuk kahak)


Chlorphenamine (INN) or chlorpheniramine (USAN, former BAN), commonly marketed in the form of chlorphenamine maleate (Histop, Chlor-Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor-Tripolon, HISTA-12), is a first-generation alkylamine antihistamine used in the prevention of thesymptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria. Its sedative effects are relatively weak compared to other first-generation antihistamines. Chlorphenamine is one of the most commonly used antihistamines in small-animal veterinary practice as well. Although not generally approved as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication, chlorphenamine appears to have these properties as well[1] (see below).The antihistamine is helpful in cases where allergy or common cold is the reason for the cough; it is also a potentiator of opioids, allowing enhanced suppression of cough, analgesia, and other effects from a given quantity of the drug by itself. In various places in the world, cough & cold preparations containing codeine and chlorphenamine are available.


An expectorant is any agent which dissolves thick mucus and is usually used to help relieve respiratory difficulties. It does so by hydrolyzing glycosaminoglycans, tending to break down/lower the viscosity of mucin-containing body secretions/components. The viscosity of mucous secretions in the lungs is dependent upon the concentrations of mucoprotein. Although it has similarities with a mucolytic agent, the two are totally different types of medicine.
An expectorant (from the Latin expectorare, to expel from the chest) helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. An example of an expectorant is guaifenesin which promotes drainage of mucus from the lungs by thinning the mucus and lubricating the irritated respiratory tract. Sometimes the term "expectorant" is incorrectly extended to any cough medicine.[1]
An expectorant increases bronchial secretions and mucolytics help loosen thick bronchial secretions. Expectorants reduce the thickness or viscosity of bronchial secretions thus increasing mucus flow that can be removed more easily through coughing, Mucolytics break down the chemical structure of mucus molecules. The mucus becomes thinner and can be removed more easily through coughing
—Adams, Holland, & Bostwick, 2008, p. 591

[edit]
decongestant or nasal decongestant is a type of drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion.Besides hypertension, common side-effects include sleeplessness, anxiety, dizziness, excitability, and nervousness.
Decongestants are normally paired with antihistamines to lessen this effect, but the combination of both classes of drugs does not necessarily cancel the side-effects of each other.[citation needed]
Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. By applying them directly to the site of action, topical decongestants relieve nasal congestion while reducing the side effects associated with systemically-acting decongestants, such ashigh blood pressure. Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a maximum of 3 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa. Topical decongestants are a common form of nasal relief, due to their quick effects which can clear the sinus in as little as ten seconds.

amydramine - Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (pronounced /ˌdaɪfɛnˈhaɪdrəmiːn/, abbreviated DPH orDHM) is a first-generation antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason is often used as a nonprescription sleep aid and a mild anxiolytic.iphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine drug. Despite being one of the oldest antihistamines on the market, it is more effective than even some of the latest prescription drugs.[7] Consequently, it is frequently used when an allergic reaction requires fast, effective reversal of the often dangerous effects of a massive histamine release.

Guaifenesin (pronounced /ɡwaɪˈfɛnɨsɪn/) (INN) or guaiphenesin (former BAN), alsoglyceryl guaiacolate,[1] is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up (expectoration) of phlegm from the airwaysin acute respiratory tract infections.

Treatment of coughing

Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis of over the counter medicines for acute cough in children and adults found no evidence for the effectiveness of any examined drug other than guaifenesin; evidence for guaifenesin was ambiguous.[5] Guaifenesin is sometimes combined with dextromethorphan, an antitussive. In normal use this combination is believed[by whom?] to produce fewer, but more productive coughs.

[edit]
Treatment of asthma

Guaifenesin is effective in the treatment of the thickened bronchial mucosa characteristic of asthma.[citation needed] It works by drawing water into the bronchi. The water both thins mucus and lubricates the airway, facilitating the removal of mucus by coughing.
so in conclusion

normal running nose= anti histamin chlorophenaramine or claritine loratadine
normal mucosy nose = anti histamin  amydramine  or loratadine decongestion + ventolin 
batuk n thick musocy nose = soolan

Saturday, May 7, 2011

EnTry Untuk AbanG N Adik

last 16 April was Abang 4th birthday then disusuli oleh adik's birthday 27th April..adik is now 2 yrs old.  Been awhile ibu wants to write this entry in order for ibu to keep in memories the achievements u both hv grab in life being 4 n 2 yrs old of age.

in term of milestone of abang... u basically hv achieved what a 4 yrs old boy should hv and of course yg masih menjadi tanda tanya is u will still be wet at night. Abang kalau nak kata dah mmg finish toilet training...but u still wet at night so ibu still hv u on pampers...but last few days u shouw promising development in being dry at night!..InshaAllah this is d time when u will eventually be out from pampers for good.

As for adik....at 2 adik still cannot grab the concept of toilet training....adik been refusing to be brought to toilet for shi shi ..but last few days adik seems to grab the concept of shi shi when ibu ask you to shi shi n u did...but not in the toilet. It still a good job adik!...maybe its becos u did not hv a good potty that u refuse to be toilet trainlah..ibu rmber abang at this age did not use pampers already in d day..he can tell that he need to go toilet...but of course accident still happen..:)

as for academic....mmmmm abang can write ABC-Z , 123- 30 and arabic wahid isnan salasa n etc..alif ba ta you hv manage to read n recognise n write all of them. you even know all the fathah..basically u finisnh your qiraati1 at age of 4..n you start it when u were 3yr 8month...in about 4month u manage to grab the concept of the sound of fathah....but this gratitude goes to abla zakiah at school:).. now u r starting your qiraati2 with strengthening the concept of kasrah....n soon we will go to dammah n then tanwin. u basically can read the huruf hijaiyah that are connected...bravo Abang!..ibu really wish u can finish this qiraati soon before u start your new school semester in september..ibu will try to teach u this so that it will be easier for you to do hafazan....at school they hv almost completed juzuk amman n soon by end of semester this 1 jun 2011 im sure they hv covered the whole of juzuk amma. Abang so far seems forgetful always although u did well when they 1st teach at school the surah...i guess ibu didnt do much murajaah at home...this too inshaAllah by sept 2011 when u go for your KG2 ...u hv hafaz all the juzuk amma.

Still on abang schievements...u can actually write!...all those ABC n 123 n alif ba ta..but some incidences yes you do write them terbalik..hahaha...ibu rember u wrote 33... 7 out of 10 boxes you manage to do it easily as if closing your eye..n then suddenly the last 3 boxes..u start writing árabicáin'.....baba say its normal...n ibu thought so too...:)..n last week u did your homework without ibu having to sit n do it wit you...a very big achievemnet considering abang is always on the move when ibu left u unattended even for 1 sec!..Very big Bravo abang....Abang too just love to do homeworks.....n now ibu can do some negotiation with abang in which ibu let abnag watch cartoon then abang will agree to do murajaa...n then cartoon again..n then murajaa again...good abang..inshaAllah ibu will keep it up main tarik tali with abang..else abang is just lost with cartoon  n no interest at all wit murajaa.

 Abang lughatul arabia... ibu shall say superb!..compared when u just started 6 month ago in which u basically hv 0 of arabic language...n now u speak superb..ibu cant understand your conversation wit baba but  ibu would love very much join in too and of course to see you communicating wit ur friends at school

As for adik...before he turns 2..he can basically sing ABC...hapy hapy i will be...n of course the famous letter Qu......i bu will rember this songlah....inshaAllah will try to record them..n adik love the song of jumpstart...go go go go to school ....adik also knows twinkle2...little star....u will sing like a amon sky...skyyy...now adik can  join the song of alif ba ta ....n of course the famous arba',.... n u hv add up sitta saba these last few days....Bravo adik......n adik kalau menconteng no 1..everytime abang hv homework u too will want to color color..n of course u love to scribble wit pencil color the floor....nasib baik it can easily be clean wit water...but the one on the wall pun banyak jugak...hmm...soon ibu will buy paint to cover them..ahaks...

both of you just love Dora the explorer...and ibu approve of team umizumi...special agent oso, mickey mouse clubhouse n of course chloe's closet .......the rest mmmm not so good but we hv no choice...
at the time of this entry..adik is infected wit some kind of virus that make u hv low grade fever n watery stool...ibu suspect its infection in d stomch...as the rest seems fine..no cold n flu....sabarlah ya anakku...as sometime u seems to b in pain ....May Allah take away the pain n heal u good in no time..Ameen.

N yesterday when ibu went to the Indonesian Embassy and meet wit this very gracious n polite officer..i realy wish that u both someday will hv such manners n courtesy...but ibu knows that its me who hv to start first! :)..I love u both..and ibu read somewhere that 'if Allah intended good in the family ..He will make them courteous n polite people"Masha Allah...May we all become one..Ameen