Salam semua..
Dah lama ibu nak tulis pasal medication becos of the so many ubat yang ada kat almaritu..n of course becos adik n abang is always sick too...n from my observation ..penyakitnya lebih kurang sama i.e cold n flu n cough..but ubat yg di prescribe mmm..boleh bukak pharmacy...so now i will try to list down jenama ubat n also its foundation usage i.e symptom2 sakit tu..
on antihistamine...ada active ingredients cetrizine, chlorophenaramine, loratadine....so
[edit]
Dah lama ibu nak tulis pasal medication becos of the so many ubat yang ada kat almaritu..n of course becos adik n abang is always sick too...n from my observation ..penyakitnya lebih kurang sama i.e cold n flu n cough..but ubat yg di prescribe mmm..boleh bukak pharmacy...so now i will try to list down jenama ubat n also its foundation usage i.e symptom2 sakit tu..
on antihistamine...ada active ingredients cetrizine, chlorophenaramine, loratadine....so
from wiki : Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine drug used to treat allergies. In a version named Claritin-D, the substance is combined with pseudoephedrine, a decongestant; this makes it useful for colds as well as allergies, but adds potential side-effects of insomnia, nervousness, and anxiety.Loratadine is indicated for the symptomatic relief of allergy such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis), urticaria (hives), and other skin allergies.[4] For allergic rhinitis (hay fever), loratadine is effective for both nasal and eye symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, itchy or burning eyes.
Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonistused for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Salbutamol sulfate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a metered dose inhaler (MDI), nebulizer or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. Rotahaler or Autohaler). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of salbutamol can take place within five to twenty minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. It can also be given orally as an inhalant orintravenously.(batuk kahak)
Chlorphenamine (INN) or chlorpheniramine (USAN, former BAN), commonly marketed in the form of chlorphenamine maleate (Histop, Chlor-Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor-Tripolon, HISTA-12), is a first-generation alkylamine antihistamine used in the prevention of thesymptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria. Its sedative effects are relatively weak compared to other first-generation antihistamines. Chlorphenamine is one of the most commonly used antihistamines in small-animal veterinary practice as well. Although not generally approved as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication, chlorphenamine appears to have these properties as well[1] (see below).The antihistamine is helpful in cases where allergy or common cold is the reason for the cough; it is also a potentiator of opioids, allowing enhanced suppression of cough, analgesia, and other effects from a given quantity of the drug by itself. In various places in the world, cough & cold preparations containing codeine and chlorphenamine are available.
An expectorant is any agent which dissolves thick mucus and is usually used to help relieve respiratory difficulties. It does so by hydrolyzing glycosaminoglycans, tending to break down/lower the viscosity of mucin-containing body secretions/components. The viscosity of mucous secretions in the lungs is dependent upon the concentrations of mucoprotein. Although it has similarities with a mucolytic agent, the two are totally different types of medicine.
An expectorant (from the Latin expectorare, to expel from the chest) helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. An example of an expectorant is guaifenesin which promotes drainage of mucus from the lungs by thinning the mucus and lubricating the irritated respiratory tract. Sometimes the term "expectorant" is incorrectly extended to any cough medicine.[1]
An expectorant increases bronchial secretions and mucolytics help loosen thick bronchial secretions. Expectorants reduce the thickness or viscosity of bronchial secretions thus increasing mucus flow that can be removed more easily through coughing, Mucolytics break down the chemical structure of mucus molecules. The mucus becomes thinner and can be removed more easily through coughing—Adams, Holland, & Bostwick, 2008, p. 591
[edit]A decongestant or nasal decongestant is a type of drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion.Besides hypertension, common side-effects include sleeplessness, anxiety, dizziness, excitability, and nervousness.Decongestants are normally paired with antihistamines to lessen this effect, but the combination of both classes of drugs does not necessarily cancel the side-effects of each other.[citation needed]Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. By applying them directly to the site of action, topical decongestants relieve nasal congestion while reducing the side effects associated with systemically-acting decongestants, such ashigh blood pressure. Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a maximum of 3 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa. Topical decongestants are a common form of nasal relief, due to their quick effects which can clear the sinus in as little as ten seconds.- Ephedrine
- Levomethamphetamine
- Naphazoline
- Oxymetazoline
- Phenylephrine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Tramazoline
- Xylometazoline
amydramine - Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (pronounced /ˌdaɪfɛnˈhaɪdrəmiːn/, abbreviated DPH orDHM) is a first-generation antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason is often used as a nonprescription sleep aid and a mild anxiolytic.iphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine drug. Despite being one of the oldest antihistamines on the market, it is more effective than even some of the latest prescription drugs.[7] Consequently, it is frequently used when an allergic reaction requires fast, effective reversal of the often dangerous effects of a massive histamine release.
Guaifenesin (pronounced /ɡwaɪˈfɛnɨsɪn/) (INN) or guaiphenesin (former BAN), alsoglyceryl guaiacolate,[1] is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up (expectoration) of phlegm from the airwaysin acute respiratory tract infections.Treatment of coughing
A Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis of over the counter medicines for acute cough in children and adults found no evidence for the effectiveness of any examined drug other than guaifenesin; evidence for guaifenesin was ambiguous.[5] Guaifenesin is sometimes combined with dextromethorphan, an antitussive. In normal use this combination is believed[by whom?] to produce fewer, but more productive coughs.[edit]Treatment of asthma
Guaifenesin is effective in the treatment of the thickened bronchial mucosa characteristic of asthma.[citation needed] It works by drawing water into the bronchi. The water both thins mucus and lubricates the airway, facilitating the removal of mucus by coughing.so in conclusion
normal running nose= anti histamin chlorophenaramine or claritine loratadinenormal mucosy nose = anti histamin amydramine or loratadine decongestion + ventolin batuk n thick musocy nose = soolan
A decongestant or nasal decongestant is a type of drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion.Besides hypertension, common side-effects include sleeplessness, anxiety, dizziness, excitability, and nervousness.
Decongestants are normally paired with antihistamines to lessen this effect, but the combination of both classes of drugs does not necessarily cancel the side-effects of each other.[citation needed]
Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. By applying them directly to the site of action, topical decongestants relieve nasal congestion while reducing the side effects associated with systemically-acting decongestants, such ashigh blood pressure. Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a maximum of 3 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa. Topical decongestants are a common form of nasal relief, due to their quick effects which can clear the sinus in as little as ten seconds.
amydramine - Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (pronounced /ˌdaɪfɛnˈhaɪdrəmiːn/, abbreviated DPH orDHM) is a first-generation antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies. Like most other first-generation antihistamines, the drug also has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason is often used as a nonprescription sleep aid and a mild anxiolytic.iphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine drug. Despite being one of the oldest antihistamines on the market, it is more effective than even some of the latest prescription drugs.[7] Consequently, it is frequently used when an allergic reaction requires fast, effective reversal of the often dangerous effects of a massive histamine release.
Guaifenesin (pronounced /ɡwaɪˈfɛnɨsɪn/) (INN) or guaiphenesin (former BAN), alsoglyceryl guaiacolate,[1] is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up (expectoration) of phlegm from the airwaysin acute respiratory tract infections.
Treatment of coughing
A Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis of over the counter medicines for acute cough in children and adults found no evidence for the effectiveness of any examined drug other than guaifenesin; evidence for guaifenesin was ambiguous.[5] Guaifenesin is sometimes combined with dextromethorphan, an antitussive. In normal use this combination is believed[by whom?] to produce fewer, but more productive coughs.
[edit]Treatment of asthma
Guaifenesin is effective in the treatment of the thickened bronchial mucosa characteristic of asthma.[citation needed] It works by drawing water into the bronchi. The water both thins mucus and lubricates the airway, facilitating the removal of mucus by coughing.
so in conclusion
